Twitter

=Twitter =

 ||

Twitter is a website, owned and operated by Twitter Inc., which offers a social networking and [|microblogging]service, enabling its users to send and read other users' messages called tweets. Tweets are [|text-based] posts of up to 140 [|characters] displayed on the user's [|profile] page. Tweets are publicly visible by default, however senders can restrict message delivery to their friends list. Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as following and subscribers are known as followers.[|[7]] All users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for[|smartphones]), or by [|Short Message Service] (SMS) available in certain countries.[|[8]] While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may incur [|phone service provider] fees. The website is based in [|San Francisco, California]. Twitter also has servers and offices in [|San Antonio, Texas] and [|Boston, Massachusetts]. Since its creation in March 2006 and its launch in July 2006 by [|Jack Dorsey], Twitter has gained popularity worldwide and currently has more than 175 million users.[|[9]] It is estimated that Twitter has 190 million users, generating 65 million tweets a day and handling over 800,000 search queries per day.[|[10]] It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the [|Internet]."[|[11]]

==History == A blueprint sketch, circa 2006, by [|Jack Dorsey], envisioning an [|SMS]-based[|social network]. Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" that was held by board members of the [|podcasting]company [|Odeo]. While sitting in a park on a children’s slide and eating Mexican food, [|Jack Dorsey] introduced the idea of an individual using an [|SMS] service to communicate with a small group.[|[12]] The original [|project code name] for the service was twttr, inspired by [|Flickr] and the five character length of American SMS [|short codes]. The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability."[|[13]] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM [|Pacific Standard Time] (PST): "just setting up my twttr."[|[14]] > [W]e came across the word "[|twitter]," and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information," and "chirps from birds." And that’s exactly what the product was. —[|Jack Dorsey][|[15]] The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal service for [|Odeo] employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[|[6]] In October 2006, [|Biz Stone], [|Evan Williams], Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo and all of its assets–including Odeo.com and Twitter.com–from the investors and shareholders.[|[16]] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[|[17]] The [|tipping point] for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 [|South by Southwest] (SXSW) festival. During the event [|Twitter usage]increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[|[18]] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked [|Newsweek's] [|Steven Levy]. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."[|[19]] Reaction at the festival was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]" SXSW. Social software researcher [|Danah Boyd] said Twitter "own[ed]" the festival.[|[20]] Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"[|[21]] 

Previous Twitter logo, used until September 14, 2010. In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain as President of Revenue from [|News Corp.] Fox Audience Network.[|[22]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On September 14, 2010, Twitter launched a redesigned site including a new logo.[|[23]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On October 4, 2010, Evan Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO. Dick Costolo, formerly COO of Twitter, took over Williams' position. Williams will stay with the company and “be completely focused on product strategy.”[|[24]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the [|International Space Station] by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.[|[25]] By late November 2010 an average of a dozen updates per day was posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts.

===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Growth ===

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. By the end of 2009, two billion tweets per quarter were being posted.[[|citation needed]] In February 2010 Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.[|[26]] By March 2010, Twitter recorded over 70,000 registered applications, according to the company.[|[27]] In the first quarter of 2010, 4 billion tweets were posted.[[|citation needed]] As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets are posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.[|[28]] Twitter has experienced rapid growth as noted on [|Compete.com], Twitter has moved up to the 3rd highest ranking [|social networking] site in January of 2009 from its previous rank of 22nd.[|[29]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the [|2010 FIFA World Cup] when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the 30 second period after [|Japan] scored against [|Cameroon] on 14 June 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets a second were posted after the [|Los Angeles Lakers]' victory in the [|2010 NBA Finals] on 17 June 2010.[|[30]] When American singer [|Michael Jackson] died on June 25, 2009, the Twitter server crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.[|[31]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the [|Apple Design Award]-winning Twitter client [|Tweetie] for [|Mac] and [|iPhone]. The application, now called "Twitter" and distributed free of charge, is the official Twitter client for the iPhone.[|[32]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">From September through October 2010, Twitter began rolling out 'New Twitter'. This was an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes include the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites ([|YouTube], [|Flickr] etc), as well as a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages and 'Log Out' are now accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1st, Twitter confirmed that the 'New Twitter experience' had been rolled out to all users. Existing users still have the opportunity to opt out if they dislike the new interface, and go back to using the old-style Twitter. This overhaul did not have any effect on third-party applications such as [|TweetDeck]. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Overview ==

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Technology author [|Steven Johnson] describes the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple:"[|[33]] > <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter has been compared to a web-based [|Internet Relay Chat] (IRC) client.[|[34]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Messages ===

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of [|hashtags] — words or phrases prefixed with a #.[|[35]] Similarly, the letter d followed by a [|username] allows users to send messages privately. Finally, the @ sign followed by a [|username] is used for mentioning or replying to other users.[|[36]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow (as well as mention and reply to) lists of authors instead of individual authors.[|[7]][|[37]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In January, 2010, MIT alumnus and astronaut Timothy Creamer sent the very first live tweet from space.[|[38]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five [|gateway] numbers: [|short codes] for the United States, Canada, [|India], [|New Zealand], and an [|Isle of Man]-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the [|Vodafone], [|O2][|[39]] and [|Orange][|[40]]networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from [|Bharti Airtel],[|[41]] an alternative platform called smsTweet[|[42]] was set up by a user to work on all networks.[|[43]] A similar platform called GladlyCast[|[44]] exists for mobile phone users in [|Singapore], [|Malaysia] and the Philippines. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The messages were initially set to 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the [|shorthand] notation and [|slang] commonly used in SMS messages. The 140 character limit has also increased the usage of [|URL shortening] services such as [|bit.ly], goo.gl, and tr.im, and content hosting services, such asTwitpic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters. Twitter uses bit.ly for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its website. ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Tweet contents ===

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Content of Tweets according to Pear Analytics.[|[46]] News Spam Self-promotion Pointless babble Conversational Pass-along value <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">[|San Antonio]-based market research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the US and in English) over a 2-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CST) and separated them into six categories:[|[46]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Social networking researcher [|Danah Boyd] responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labelled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "[|social grooming]" and/or "peripheral awareness" (which she explains as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn’t viable").[|[47]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Rankings === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter is ranked as one of the 10 most visited websites worldwide by [|Alexa's] [|web traffic] analysis.[|[48]] Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts. A February 2009 [|Compete.com]blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits.[|[49]] In March 2009, a [|Nielsen.com] blog ranked Twitter as the fastest-growing website in the Member Communities category for February 2009. Twitter had a monthly growth of 1,382%, increasing from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009. It was followed by [|Zimbio] with 240% increase, and [|Facebook] with 228% increase.[|[50]] However, Twitter has a user retention rate of 40%.[|[51]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Adding and following content === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including [|Tweetdeck], [|Salesforce.com], [|HootSuite], and Twitterfeed.[|[52]] Less than half of tweets are posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).[|[53]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Authentication === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">As of August 31, 2010, third-party Twitter applications are required to use [|OAuth], an authentication method that does not require users to enter their password into the authenticating application. Previously, the [|OAuth] authentication method was optional, it is now compulsory and the user-name/password authentication method has been made redundant and is no longer functional. Twitter stated that the move to OAuth will mean "increased security and a better experience."[|[54]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Demographics === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter is mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, says Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years," he said.[|[55]] According to [|comScore] only 11% of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17.[|[55]] comScore attributes this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users. However, comScore as of late, has stated that Twitter has begun to "filter more into the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of celebrity as [|Shaq], [|Britney Spears] and [|Ashton Kutcher] joined the ranks of the Twitterati."[|[56]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">According to a study by [|Sysomos] in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men — 53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity, and that [|New York] has the most Twitter users.[|[57]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter as of 09/03/2009. 63% of Twitter users are less than 35 years old, 60% of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least $60K.[|[58]] ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Finances == <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter's [|San Francisco] headquarters located at 795 Folsom St. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter raised over US$57 million from [|venture capitalist] growth funding, although exact numbers are not publicly disclosed. Twitter's first A round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between $1 million and $5 million.[|[59]] Its second B round of funding in 2008 was for $22 million[|[60]] and its third C round of funding in 2009 was for $35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and [|Benchmark Capital] along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital and [|Insight Venture Partners].[|[59]] Twitter is backed by [|Union Square Ventures], Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions.[|[61]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">[|The Industry Standard] has remarked that Twitter's long-term viability is limited by a lack of revenue.[|[62]] Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could profit from [|e-commerce], noting that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since it already provides product recommendations and promotions.[|[63]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid [|advertising] for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to [|Google Adwords'] advertising model. As of April 13, Twitter announced it had already signed up a number of companies wishing to advertise including [|Sony Pictures], [|Red Bull], [|Best Buy], and[|Starbucks].[|[64]][|[65]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Some of Twitter's revenue and user growth documents were illegally published on [|TechCrunch] by the [|hacker] [|Croll Hacker]. The documents projected 2009 revenues of $400,000 in the third quarter and $4 million in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013 were $1.54 billion in revenue, $111 million in net earnings, and 1 billion users.[|[2]] No information about how Twitter plans to achieve those numbers has been published. In response, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone published a blog post suggesting the possibility of legal action against the hacker.[|[66]] ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Technology == ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Implementation === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The Twitter Web interface uses the [|Ruby on Rails] framework,[|[67]] deployed on a performance enhanced [|Ruby Enterprise Edition] implementation of [|Ruby].[|[68]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">From the spring of 2007 until 2008 the messages were handled by a Ruby [|persistent] queue server called [|Starling],[|[69]] but since 2009 implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in [|Scala].[|[70]] The service's [|application programming interface] (API) allows other [|web services] and applications to integrate with Twitter.[|[71]][|[72]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Interface === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On April 30, 2009, Twitter adjusted its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of "[|trending topics]" — the most common phrases appearing in messages. [|Biz Stone] explains that all messages are instantly [|indexed] and that "with this newly launched feature, Twitter has become something unexpectedly important — a discovery engine for finding out what is happening right now."[|[73]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Outages === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The Twitter fail whale [|error message]. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail whale" [|error message] image created by Yiying Lu,[|[74]] illustrating several red birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."[|[75]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter had approximately 98% [|uptime] in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime).[|[76]] The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 [|Macworld Conference & Expo] [|keynote address].[|[77]][|[78]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Privacy and security === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter collects [|personally identifiable information] about its users and shares it with third parties. The service reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.[|[88]] While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can [|target] users based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads[|[89]] directed specifically to the user. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the [|phone number] of the sender of an [|SMS] message as authentication, malicious users could update someone else's status page by using [|SMS spoofing].[|[90]] The vulnerability could be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim's account. Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional [|personal identification number] (PIN) that its users could use to authenticate their SMS-originating messages.[|[91]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed by a [|dictionary attack].[|[92]] Falsified tweets — including sexually explicit and drug-related messages — were sent from these accounts.[|[93]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter launched the [|beta version] of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing famous or notable people to announce their Twitter account name. The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.[|[94]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In May 2010, a bug was discovered by [|İnci Sözlük] users that allowed Twitter users to force others to follow them without the other user's knowledge. For example, comedian [|Conan O'Brien]'s account which had been set to follow only one person was changed to receive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions.[|[95]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In response to Twitter's security breaches, the [|Federal Trade Commission] brought charges against the service which were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.[|[96]] ====<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">"MouseOver" exploit ==== <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On 21 September 2010, an [|XSS Worm] became active on Twitter. When an account [|user] [|held the mouse cursor over] blacked out parts of a tweet, the worm within the script would automatically open links and re-post itself on the reader's account.[|[97]] The exploit was then re-used to post [|pop-up ads] and links to pornographic sites. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The origin is unclear but Pearce H. Delphin (known on Twitter as @zzap) and a Scandinavian developer, Magnus Holm, both claim to have modified the exploit of a user, possibly Masato Kinugawa, who was using it to create coloured Tweets.[|[98]] Kinugawa, a Japanese developer, reported the XSS vulnerability to Twitter on August 14. Later, when he found it was exploitable again, he created the account 'RainbowTwtr' and used it to post coloured messages.[|[98]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Delphin says he exposed the security flaw by tweeting a JavaScript function for "onMouseOver",[|[98]] and Holm later created and posted the [|XSS Worm] that automatically re-tweeted itself.[|[97]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Accounts affected by the virus included [|Sarah Brown], wife of former British Prime Minister [|Gordon Brown]. Security firm Sophos reported the virus was spread by people doing it for "fun and games", but noted it could be exploited by cybercriminals.[|[99]] Twitter issued a statement on their status blog at 13:50 UTC that "The exploit is fully patched".[|[97]][|[100]] Twitter representative Carolyn Penner has expressed that they will not be pressing charges over this incident.[|[101]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Open source === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter released several [|open source] projects developed while overcoming technical challenges of their service.[|[102]] Notable projects are the [|Gizzard Scala framework]for creating distributed datastores and the distributed graph database [|FlockDB]. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">t.co == <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">t.co is a [|URL shortening] service created by Twitter.[|[103]] It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use.[|[103]] Eventually all links posted to Twitter will use a t.co wrapper.[|[104]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites,[|[103]] and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets.[|[103]][|[105]] ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">History === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Having previously used the services of third parties [|TinyURL] and [|bit.ly],[|[106]] Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for direct messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain,[|[104]] before it purchased the t.co domain. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The service is being tested on the main site using the accounts @TwitterAPI, @rsarver and @raffi.[|[104]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On 2 September 2010 an email from Twitter to users said they would be expanding the roll-out of the service to users. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Reception == ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Change of focus === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">The [|mobile] version of twitter.com <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter emphasized their news and information network strategy in November 2009 by changing the question asked users for status updates from "What are you doing?" to "What's happening?". [|Entertainment Weekly] put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Limiting yourself to 140 characters—the maximum for messages on this diabolically addictive social-networking tool—is easy." <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On November 22, 2010, Biz Stone expressed for the first time the idea of a Twitter news network, a concept of wire-like news service he has been working on for years ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Criticism === <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">[|The Wall Street Journal] wrote that [|social-networking services] such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their [|early adopters]. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel 'too' connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher [|cellphone] bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner." <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">"Using Twitter for literate communication is about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the [|Iliad]", said tech writer [|Bruce Sterling]. "For many people, the idea of describing your blow-by-blow activities in such detail is absurd," hypothesized writer [|Clive Thompson]. "Why would you subject your friends to your daily [|minutiae]? And conversely, how much of their trivia can you absorb? The growth of ambient intimacy can seem like modern [|narcissism] taken to a new, supermetabolic extreme—the ultimate expression of a generation of celebrity-addled youths who believe their every utterance is fascinating and ought to be shared with the world." <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">On the other hand [|Steve Dotto] opines that part of Twitter's appeal is the challenge of trying to publish such messages in tight constraints. "The qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful," says [|Jonathan Zittrain], professor of Internet law at [|Harvard Law School]. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">[|Nielsen Online] reports that Twitter has a user retention rate of 40%. Many people stop using the service after a month therefore the site may potentially reach only about 10% of all [|Internet users].In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" [|Webby Award]. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">During a February 2009 discussion on [|National Public Radio's] [|Weekend Edition], [|Daniel Schorr] stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, [|Andy Carvin] gave Schorr two examples of [|breaking news] stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In an episode of [|The Daily Show] on February 26, 2009, guest [|Brian Williams] described tweets as only referring to the condition of the author. Williams implied that he would never use Twitter because nothing he did was interesting enough to publish in Twitter format. During another episode of [|The Daily Show] on March 2, 2009, host [|Jon Stewart] negatively portrayed members of Congress who chose to "tweet" during President [|Obama]'s address to Congress (on February 24, 2009) rather than pay attention to the content of the speech. The show's [|Samantha Bee] satirized media coverage of the service saying "there's no surprise young people love it — according to reports of young people by middle-aged people." The influence of [|social networking sites] such as [|facebook] and twitter have huge influences on today's youth. Time magazine has acknowledged growing level of influence in their 2010 Time 100 most influential people. To determine the influence of people they used a formula based off of famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook. The list ranges from [|Barack Obama] and [|Oprah Winfrey] to [|Lady Gaga] and [|Ashton Kutcher]. The formula is (twitter followers) x 2 + (facebook connections) divided by 2. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In March 2009, the comic strip [|Doonesbury] began to satirize Twitter. Many characters highlighted the triviality of tweets although one defended the need to keep up with the constant-update trend. [|SuperNews!] similarly satirized Twitter as an addiction to "constant self-affirmation" and said tweets were nothing more than "shouts into the darkness hoping someone is listening". <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In August 2010, South Korea tried to block certain content on Twitter due to the North Korean government opening a Twitter account.The North Korean Twitter account created on August 12, @uriminzok, loosely translated to mean "our people" in Korean, acquired over 4,500 followers in less than one week. On August 19, 2010, South Korea's state-run Communications Standards Commission banned the Twitter account for broadcasting "illegal information." According to BBC US and Canada, experts claim that North Korea has invested in "information technology for more than 20 years" with knowledge of how to use social networking sites to their power.This appears to be "nothing new" for North Korea as the reclusive country has always published propaganda in its press, usually against South Korea, calling them "warmongers." With only 36 tweets, the Twitter account was able to accumulate almost 9,000 followers. To date, the South Korean Commission has banned 65 sites, including this Twitter account. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Twitter is banned in China, however many Chinese people use it anyway. In 2010 Cheng Jianping was sentenced to 1 year in a labor camp for a sarcastic post on twitter. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Censorship == <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">In December 2010, several IT related news websites and blogs reported that twitter appeared to engage in censorship activities by impeding wikileaks related tweets from becoming trending topics, despite high numbers of tweets concerning wikileaks due to activities such as the United States diplomatic cables leak.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">[|Pointless babble] — 40%
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Conversational — 38%
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Pass-along value — 9%
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Self-promotion — 6%
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">[|Spam] — 4%
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">News — 4%[|[46]]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">November 2010 A number of accounts encountered a fault that resulted in them seeing the 'fail whale' when they tried to login to their accounts. The accounts themselves weren't locked out as account holders could still see their 'mentions' page and post from there. But the timeline and a number of other features were unavailable during this outage (which remains ongoing).
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">May 2008 Twitter's new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">August 2008, Twitter withdrew free [|SMS] services from users in the United Kingdom[|[79]] and for approximately five months instant messaging support via a[|XMPP] [|bot] was listed as being "temporarily unavailable".[|[80]]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">October 10, 2008, Twitter's status blog announced that [|instant messaging (IM)] service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. It was announced that Twitter aims to return its IM service pending necessary major work.[|[81]]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">June 12, 2009, in what was called a potential "Twitpocalypse", the [|unique numerical identifier] associated with each tweet exceeded the limit of [|32-bit] signed[|integers] (2,147,483,647 total messages).[|[82]] While Twitter itself was not affected, some third-party clients could no longer access recent tweets. [|Patches] were quickly released, though some [|iPhone] applications had to wait for approval from the [|App Store].[|[83]]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">September 22, the identifier exceeded the limit for 32-bit unsigned integers (4,294,967,296 total messages) again breaking some third-party clients.[|[84]]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">August 6, 2009, Twitter and Facebook suffered from a [|denial-of-service attack], causing the Twitter website to go offline for several hours.[|[85]] It was later confirmed that the attacks were directed at one [|pro-Georgian] user around the anniversary of the [|2008 South Ossetia War], rather than the sites themselves.[|[86]]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">17 December 2009 a hacking attack replaced the website's welcoming screen with an image of a green flag and the caption "This site has been hacked by Iranian Cyber Army" for nearly an hour. No connection between the hackers and Iran has been established.[|[87]]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border: initial !important; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;">Feito por: Gustavo Drummond e Pedro Liz- 8ªB